Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part B (2025)

Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory condition of the arteries, plays a central role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease and stroke. The initiation and progression of atherosclerosis are strongly influenced by inflammation, which has been recognized as a key mechanism in the pathophysiology of the disease. This review aims to explore the intricate relationship between inflammation and atherosclerosis, providing an overview of the cellular and molecular processes involved in the disease's development. Key factors such as endothelial dysfunction, the recruitment of immune cells, and the formation of lipid-rich plaques are discussed in the context of inflammatory pathways. In particular, the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and interleukin-1β, as well as the role of immune cells, such as macrophages and T-cells, in driving atherogenesis are highlighted. Moreover, the review examines the contribution of oxidative stress, the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway, and the role of lipoproteins in promoting inflammation in atherosclerosis. Recent studies on inflammatory biomarkers and their potential for early diagnosis and risk stratification are also reviewed, along with the therapeutic approaches targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis, such as the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and lifestyle modifications. The review concludes by emphasizing the need for further research to understand the complex interactions between inflammation and atherosclerosis, and the potential for targeting inflammatory pathways as a therapeutic strategy in cardiovascular disease prevention.